E whakamārama ana tēnei tuhinga nā Wenzhou Tianyu Electronic Co., Ltd. i ngā mea hei whakaaroaro māu ina tohua ana te whakakī o ngā konganuku mō te whakarewa i te kowiri tira.
Ko ngā āheinga e ātaahua ai te maitai kore waikura - te kaha ki te whakarite i ōna āhuatanga miihini me te ātete ki te waikura me te waikura - ka whakapiki ake i te uaua o te whiriwhiri i te konganuku whakakī tika mō te whakarewa. Mō tētahi huinga rauemi turanga, ka tika pea tētahi o ngā momo irahiko, i runga i ngā take utu, ngā āhuatanga ratonga, ngā āhuatanga miihini e hiahiatia ana me te maha o ngā take e pā ana ki te whakarewa.
Ka whakaratohia e tēnei tuhinga ngā whakamārama hangarau e tika ana hei āwhina i te kaipānui ki te mārama ki te uauatanga o te kaupapa, ā, ka whakautua ētahi o ngā pātai e pātaihia ana ki ngā kaiwhakarato whakarewa whakakī. Ka whakatūhia he aratohu whānui mō te whiriwhiri i ngā whakarewa whakakī maitai kore waikura e tika ana - kātahi ka whakamāramahia ngā tūponotanga katoa ki aua aratohu! Kāore te tuhinga e kapi i ngā tikanga whakarewa, nā te mea he kaupapa tēnei mō tētahi atu tuhinga.
E whā ngā taumata, he maha ngā huānga whakarewa
E whā ngā momo matua o ngā maitai kore waikura:
austenitic
martensitic
whanariki
Takirua
I ahu mai ngā ingoa i te hanganga tioata o te maitai e kitea ana i te pāmahana rūma. Ina werahia te maitai waro-iti ki runga ake i te 912 nekehanga Celsius, ka whakaritea anō ngā ngota o te maitai mai i te hanganga e kiia nei ko te ferrite i ngā pāmahana rūma ki te hanganga tioata e kiia nei ko te austenite. I te whakamatao, ka hoki ngā ngota ki tō rātou hanganga taketake, te ferrite. Ko te hanganga pāmahana-tiketike, te austenite, he kore-aukume, he kirihou, ā, he iti ake te kaha me te ngāwari ake i te ahua pāmahana rūma o te ferrite.
Ina tāpirihia he neke atu i te 16% te chromium ki te maitai, ka pumau te hanganga tioata pāmahana rūma, te ferrite, ā, ka noho tonu te maitai i roto i te āhua ferritic i ngā pāmahana katoa. Nō reira te ingoa kowiri tira ferritic i whakamahia ki tēnei turanga koranu. Ina tāpirihia he neke atu i te 17% te chromium me te 7% te nickel ki te maitai, ka pumau te hanganga tioata pāmahana-tiketike o te maitai, te austenite, kia mau tonu ai i ngā pāmahana katoa mai i te tino iti rawa ki te tata rewa.
Ko te maitai kore waikura austenitic e kiia whānuitia ana ko te momo 'chrome-nickel', ā, ko ngā maitai martensitic me te ferritic e kiia whānuitia ana ko ngā momo 'chrome tika'. Ko ētahi huānga whakarewa e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā maitai kore waikura me ngā konganuku whakarewa ka mahi hei kaiwhakaū austenite, ko ētahi hei kaiwhakaū ferrite. Ko ngā kaiwhakaū austenite tino nui ko te nickel, te waro, te manganese me te hauota. Ko ngā kaiwhakaū ferrite ko te chromium, te silicon, te molybdenum me te niobium. Mā te whakataurite i ngā huānga whakarewa ka whakahaere i te nui o te ferrite i roto i te konganuku whakarewa.
He māmā ake te whakarewa i ngā kōeke Austenitic, ā, he pai ake te whakapūtanga i ērā he iti iho i te 5% te nikara. He kaha, he ngāwari, he pakari hoki ngā hononga whakarewa i hangaia i roto i ngā maitai kore waikura austenitic i te wā i whakarewahia ai. Kāore e hiahiatia he whakamahana i mua, i muri rānei i te whakarewatanga. Tata ki te 80% o te maitai kore waikura i whakarewahia ngā kōeke Austenitic, ā, he nui te aro o tēnei tuhinga whakataki ki aua mea.
Ripanga 1: Ngā momo maitai kore waikura me te nui o te konukōmiuma me te nikara i roto.
tīmatanga {c,80%}
thead{Momo|% Chromium|% Nickel|Momo}
raraunga{Austenitic|16 - 30%|8 - 40%|200, 300}
raraunga{Martensitic|11 - 18%|0 - 5%|403, 410, 416, 420}
raraunga t{Ferritic|11 - 30%|0 - 4%|405, 409, 430, 422, 446}
raraunga t{Taurua|18 - 28%|4 - 8%|2205}
te aro atu
Me pēhea te whiriwhiri i te whakarewa whakakī kowiri tira tika
Mena he rite te rauemi turanga o ngā pereti e rua, ko te kaupapa matua i mua ko, 'Tīmata mā te taurite i te rauemi turanga.' He pai te mahi a tēnā i ētahi wā; hei hono i te Momo 310, 316 rānei, whiriwhiria te Momo whakakī e rite ana.
Hei hono i ngā rauemi rerekē, whai i tēnei mātāpono ārahi: 'kōwhiria he whakakī hei ōrite ki te rauemi he nui ake te koranu.' Hei hono i te 304 ki te 316, whiriwhiria he whakakī 316.
Engari, he maha ngā tūponotanga o te 'ture ōrite', nō reira he pai ake te mātāpono, Tirohia he ripanga kōwhiringa whakarewa whakakī. Hei tauira, ko te Momo 304 te rauemi turanga maitai kore waikura tino noa, engari kāore he tangata e tuku ana i te hiko Momo 304.
Me pēhea te whakarewa i te kowiri tira Momo 304 me te kore he hiko Momo 304
Hei whakarewa i te kowiri tira Momo 304, whakamahia te whakakī Momo 308, nā te mea ka pai ake te pumau o te wāhi whakarewa mā ngā huānga whakarewa tāpiri i roto i te Momo 308.
Heoi anō, he mea whakakī pai hoki te 308L. Ko te tohu 'L' i muri i tētahi Momo e tohu ana i te iti o te ihirangi waro. Ko te ihirangi waro o te kowiri tira Momo 3XXL he 0.03%, iti iho rānei, engari ko te ihirangi waro mōrahi o te kowiri tira Momo 3XX paerewa he 0.08%.
Nā te mea kei roto te whakarōpūtanga o te whakakī Momo L ki te hua kore-L, ka taea e ngā kaihanga te whakamahi i te whakakī Momo L, ā, me tino whakaaro hoki rātou ki te whakamahi, nā te mea ka whakaitihia te tūponotanga o te waikura intergranular e te iti o te ihirangi waro. Inaa, e kī ana ngā kaituhi ka nui ake te whakamahinga o te whakakī Momo L mēnā ka whakahoutia noa e ngā kaihanga ā rātou tikanga.
Tērā pea ka hiahia ngā kaihanga e whakamahi ana i te tukanga GMAW ki te whakaaro ki te whakamahi i tētahi whakakī Momo 3XXSi, nā te mea ka pai ake te putanga makuku mā te tāpiri o te silicon. I ngā āhuatanga he teitei, he taratara rānei te karauna o te whakarewa, kāore rānei te puna whakarewa e pai te here ki ngā maihao o te hononga whatu, mā te whakamahi i tētahi hiko GMAW Momo Si ka taea te whakangawari i te poro whakarewa me te whakatairanga i te hanumitanga pai ake.
Mena he āwangawanga te maturuturunga o te kāpia, whakaarohia he whakakī Momo 347, kei roto nei he iti noa te niobium.
Me pēhea te whakarewa i te kowiri tira ki te maitai waro
Ka puta tēnei āhuatanga i ngā tono e hiahiatia ana he mata o waho ātete-waikura mō tētahi wāhanga o te hanganga e honoa ana ki tētahi huānga hanganga maitai waro hei whakaiti i te utu. Ina honoa he rauemi turanga kāore he huānga whakakoi ki tētahi rauemi turanga he huānga whakakoi, whakamahia he whakakī kua nui rawa te whakakoi kia taurite ai te waimehatanga i roto i te konganuku whakarewa, kia nui ake rānei te whakakoi i te konganuku turanga kowiri tira.
Mō te hono i te maitai waro ki te Momo 304, 316 rānei, me te hono anō hoki i ngā maitai kore waikura rerekē, whakaarohia he hiko Momo 309L mō te nuinga o ngā mahi. Mena e hiahiatia ana he nui ake te ihirangi Cr, whakaarohia te Momo 312.
Hei whakatūpato, he 50 ōrau te tere o te whānui o ngā maitai kore waikura austenitic i tērā o te maitai waro. Ina honoa, ka taea e ngā tere whānui rerekē te hanga pakaru nā te ahotea o roto, ki te kore e whakamahia te hiko me te tikanga whakarewa tika.
Whakamahia ngā tikanga horoi tika mō te whakarite whakarewa
Pērā i ngā konganuku kē atu, tangohia te hinu, te hinu, ngā tohu me te paru ki te whakarewa kore-hauora. Whai muri i tēnā, ko te ture matua mō te whakarite whakarewa kowiri tira ko 'Āraihia te poke mai i te maitai waro hei ārai i te waikura.' Ka whakamahia e ētahi kamupene ngā whare motuhake mō ā rātou 'toa kowiri tira' me te 'toa waro' hei ārai i te poke whakawhiti.
Me tohu ko ngā wira huri me ngā paraihe kowiri tira he 'kowiri tira anake' ina whakarite ana i ngā taha mō te whakarewa. Ko ētahi tikanga e hiahia ana kia horoia kia rua inihi te tawhiti mai i te hononga. He mea nui ake hoki te whakarite hononga, nā te mea he uaua ake te whakatikatika i ngā hapa o te whakahaere hiko i te maitai waro.
Whakamahia te tikanga horoi tika i muri i te whakarewa hei ārai i te waikura
Hei tīmatanga, kia maumahara ki te mea e hanga ana i te kowiri tira hei kowiri tira: ko te tauhohenga o te chromium me te hāora hei hanga i tētahi paparanga tiaki o te chromium oxide i runga i te mata o te rauemi. Ka waikura te kowiri tira nā te maturuturunga o te carbide (tirohia i raro) ā, nā te mea ka wera te konganuku whakarewa i te whakarewa ki te wāhi ka taea te hanga i te oxide ferritic i runga i te mata o te whakarewa. Ki te waihotia i roto i te āhua kua whakarewahia, ka whakaatu pea tētahi whakarewa pai rawa atu i ngā 'ara o te waikura waka' i ngā rohe o te rohe e pāngia ana e te wera i roto i te iti iho i te 24 hāora.
Kia taea ai te hanga hou i tētahi paparanga hou o te waikura chromium parakore, me horoi te maitai kore waikura i muri i te whakarewanga mā te whakakanapa, te whakapūkara, te huri, te paraihe rānei. Whakamahia anō ngā huri me ngā paraihe i hangaia mō te mahi.
He aha te take he aukume te waea whakarewa maitai kore waikura?
Kāore he aukume i roto i te kowiri tira austenitic katoa. Heoi, nā te pāmahana whakarewa ka hangaia he kōhao nui i roto i te hanganga moroiti, ka hua ake he tairongo ki te pakaru o te whakarewa. Hei whakaiti i te tairongo ki te pakaru wera, ka tāpirihia e ngā kaihanga hiko ngā huānga whakarewa, tae atu ki te ferrite. Nā te wāhanga ferrite ka nui ake te angiangi o ngā kōhao austenitic, kia kaha ake ai te ātete o te whakarewa ki te pakaru.
Kāore te aukume e piri ki te poro o te whakakī kowiri tira austenitic, engari ko te tangata e pupuri ana i te aukume ka rongo pea i te kukume iti nā te ferrite e mau tonu ana. Engari, ka whakaaro ētahi kaiwhakamahi kua hē te tapanga o tā rātou hua, kua hē rānei te konganuku whakakī e whakamahia ana e rātou (ina koa mēnā ka haehaea e rātou te tapanga mai i te kete waea).
Ko te nui tika o te ferrite i roto i te hikohiko e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pāmahana ratonga o te tono. Hei tauira, ki te nui rawa te ferrite ka ngaro te pakari o te whakarewa i ngā pāmahana iti. Nō reira, ko te tau ferrite o te whakakī Momo 308 mō te tono paipa LNG kei waenganui i te 3 me te 6, ki te whakaritea ki te tau ferrite o te 8 mō te whakakī Momo 308 paerewa. I roto i te poto, tera pea he rite tonu te ahua o ngā konganuku whakakī i te tīmatanga, engari he mea nui ngā rerekētanga iti o te hanganga.
He huarahi ngāwari tēnei hei whakarewa i ngā maitai kore waikura takirua?
Ko te tikanga, ko te hanganga iti o ngā maitai kowiri tira takirua he tata ki te 50% te ferrite me te 50% te austenite. I roto i ngā kupu māmā, he kaha te ferrite me te ātete ki te pakaru waikura ahotea, ko te austenite ia he pakari. Mā ngā wāhanga e rua e whakakotahi ana ka hoatu he āhuatanga ātaahua ki ngā maitai kowiri tira takirua. He whānuitanga o ngā maitai kowiri tira takirua e wātea ana, ko te momo tino noa ko te Momo 2205; kei roto i tēnei he 22% te chromium, 5% te nickel, 3% te molybdenum me te 0.15% te hauota.
I te wā e whakarewahia ana te maitai kore waikura takirua, ka puta pea ngā raruraru mēnā he nui rawa te ferrite i roto i te konganuku whakarewa (nā te wera mai i te arc ka whakarite ngā ngota i a rātou anō ki roto i te matrix ferrite). Hei whakatikatika, me whakatairanga e ngā konganuku whakakī te hanganga austenitic me te ihirangi koranu teitei ake, ko te tikanga he 2 ki te 4% te nui ake o te nikara i roto i te konganuku turanga. Hei tauira, ko te waea flux-core mō te whakarewa Momo 2205 tera pea he 8.85% te nikara.
Ka taea e te ihirangi ferrite e hiahiatia ana te horapa mai i te 25 ki te 55% i muri i te whakarewa (engari ka taea te teitei ake). Kia mahara me puhoi te tere whakamatao kia taea ai e te austenite te huri, engari kaua e puhoi rawa kia kore ai e puta he āhua waenga-whakarewa, kaua hoki e tere rawa kia kore ai e nui rawa te ferrite i roto i te rohe e pāngia ana e te wera. Whāia ngā tikanga kua tūtohutia e te kaihanga mō te tukanga whakarewa me te konganuku whakakī kua tīpakohia.
Te whakatikatika i ngā tawhā i te wā e whakarewahia ana te kowiri tira
Mō ngā kaihanga e whakarerekē tonu ana i ngā tawhā (ngaohiko, te amperage, te roa o te arc, te inductance, te whānui o te pulse, me ētahi atu) i te wā e whakarewa ana i te kowiri tira, ko te take matua ko te hanganga whakarewa whakakī koretake. I te mea he mea nui ngā huānga whakarewa, ka taea e ngā rerekētanga o te hanganga matū i waenga i ngā rota ki ngā rota te pā ki te mahi whakarewa, pērā i te koretake o te makuku, te uaua rānei o te tuku para. Ka pā hoki ngā rerekētanga o te diameter o te electrode, te ma o te mata, te whakarewa me te helix ki te mahi i roto i ngā tono GMAW me FCAW.
Te whakahaere i te maturuturunga carbide whakahaere i roto i te maitai kore waikura austenitic
I ngā pāmahana i waenga i te 426-871 nekehanga Celsius, ka neke te nui o te waro neke atu i te 0.02% ki ngā rohe kōpaka o te hanganga austenitic, ka tauhohe ki te chromium hei hanga i te chromium carbide. Mena ka herea te chromium ki te waro, kāore e taea te ātete ki te waikura. Ina pāngia e te taiao waikura, ka puta te waikura intergranular, ka taea ai te kai i ngā rohe kōpaka.
Hei whakahaere i te maturuturunga o te kāpia, kia iti rawa te ihirangi kāpia (0.04% te mōrahi) mā te whakarewa me ngā irahiko iti-kawa. Ka taea hoki te here i te kāpia e te niobium (ko te columbium i mua) me te titanium, he kaha ake te hononga ki te kāpia i te chromium. Mō tēnei kaupapa, ka hangaia ngā irahiko momo 347.
Me pēhea te whakarite mō tētahi kōrero mō te kōwhiringa whakarewa whakakī
Hei te iti rawa, kohia ngā mōhiohio mō te whakamahinga whakamutunga o te wāhanga whakarewa, tae atu ki te taiao mahi (ina koa ko ngā pāmahana mahi, te pānga ki ngā huānga waikura me te nui o te ātete ki te waikura e tumanakohia ana) me te roa o te mahi e hiahiatia ana. He tino āwhina ngā mōhiohio mō ngā āhuatanga miihini e hiahiatia ana i ngā āhuatanga mahi, tae atu ki te kaha, te pakari, te ngāwari me te ngenge.
Ko te nuinga o ngā kaihanga hiko matua e whakarato ana i ngā pukapuka aratohu mō te whiriwhiri i te konganuku whakakī, ā, kāore e taea e ngā kaituhi te whakanui rawa i tēnei kōrero: tirohia he aratohu tono konganuku whakakī, whakapā atu rānei ki ngā tohunga hangarau a te kaihanga. Kei reira rātou hei āwhina i te whiriwhiri i te hiko kowiri tira tika.
Mō ētahi atu kōrero e pā ana ki ngā konganuku whakakī maitai kore waikura a TYUE, me te whakapā atu ki ngā tohunga o te kamupene mō ngā tohutohu, tirohia te www.tyuelec.com.
Wā tuku: Hakihea-23-2022